Isolation in the "Campo
The accommodation of the Italian guest workers in the Allerwiesen meadows in Wolfsburg
"There are now about 500 Italian workers working at the Volkswagen plant. They live in the accommodations at the Berliner Brücke. Five two-story wooden houses have already been completed there, and five more are almost finished under construction"-__-0000-__-, was how the Wolfsburger Nachrichten reported in the spring of 1962 on the first phase of the construction of the so-called Italian village in Wolfsburg's Allertal. While it was still not certain in September 1961 how many Italians would arrive in eastern Lower Saxony at the beginning of the next year -__-0001-__-, things finally moved relatively quickly: the first 200 "guest workers" arrived at Wolfsburg's main train station as early as mid-January -__-0002-__-, according to minutes of the Volkswagen board of management. Almost 5,000 were to follow within the first year alone. The decisive factor for the move to the working-class city was usually the prospect of 'big money': "You can put half a million aside every year," -__-0003-__-, the Italian consumer magazine Quattrosoldi advertised on behalf of the Volkswagen Group in May 1962. All the Italians had to bring with them was a suitcase and the desire to work -__-0004-__-. The recruitment of mainly young Italians was initiated by the then Chairman of the Board of Management of Volkswagenwerk AG, Heinrich Nordhoff.
The history of Italian "guest workers" in the Federal Republic dates back to 1955, when representatives of both countries concluded the "Agreement on the Recruitment and Placement of Italian Workers to the Federal Republic of Germany." The Treaties of Rome, signed on March 25, 1957, in turn allowed the populations of the signatory countries greater mobility within the European Economic Community. The agreement on the recruitment of "guest workers" was intended, on the one hand, to alleviate the severe unemployment in the southern regions of Italy and, on the other, to counter the labor shortage in prospering West Germany. The agreement signed by German Labor Minister Anton Storch and Italian Foreign Minister Gaetano Martino, the origin of the "guest worker system," ultimately ensured that Germany would become a country of immigration -__-0000-__- by the 1970s at the latest.
The German-Italian agreement did not provide for 'staying here'. The system was based on a rotation procedure, according to which workers were usually to be exchanged after one or two years. Apart from agriculture, it was predominantly industry in which the single young Italians, the majority of whom were male, were in demand. One of the centers of Italian labor migration was the city of Wolfsburg, home to the leading automobile manufacturer in Europe at the time, Volkswagenwerk AG -__-0001-__-. Until the oil crisis led to a hiring freeze for foreign workers in 1973, numerous Italians emigrated to the city on the Mittelland Canal in Lower Saxony.
Before the city and factory could even discuss possible issues of integrating foreign-language workers in the early 1960s -__-0002-__-, accommodations had to be created for the Italian "guest workers." In keeping with the supposedly temporary nature of the workers' stay, the newly created accommodations were also somewhat provisional. Three, and in the beginning even four, people were housed together in the smallest of spaces. The "largest Italian village north of the Brenner" -__-0003-__- was emblematic of the guest worker policy practiced by Volkswagenwerk AG, since there seemed to have been an agreement with the city administration early on that the wooden houses located there would be replaced by a new housing development in the future, when they were no longer needed as "accommodations for foreigners" -__-0004-__-.
After the automobile concern had submitted an application for building permission of work accommodation buildings to the city administration in October of the year 1961 -__-0000-__-, their construction was already far advanced in the summer 1962, first houses were already inhabited -__-0001-__-. Existing reservations of the Vice President of the Lower Saxony government, Kästner, as well as of the police director, Sehrt, regarding a "massing" -__-0002-__- of single workers, after all, the "Italian Village" had been deliberately built on the outskirts of the city, were not listened to very much by the city and the factory. Local press coverage of the shelter construction, meanwhile, was positive:
"In the meantime, work has progressed on the Italian Village at Berliner Brücke. More two-story wooden houses have been erected, for soon more than 4,000 foreign workers are to be housed here. The greening of the site in particular has made progress. Bulldozers have been busy during the plant vacations leveling the area in front of the houses so that grass seed can be sown. Many trees have also been planted to break up the 'village picture'. The first of the community houses is already finished. Two more are to follow. The large hall can seat over 1000 people at tables. The halls are absolutely necessary for joint events, whether they are lectures, film evenings or colorful events. The sales outlets have also been enlarged. Here, residents can stock up on everyday shopping goods. In another community center, a sick bay will be set up, which will be supervised by the camp doctor, Dr. Cervelti. Finally, a bocce court will not be missing. A small sports field is already ready. At the entrance to the Berliner Brücke, the final touches are being made to the small gatehouse, from which all the houses can be reached by telephone. -__-0003-__-"
As idyllic as the picture painted here by the local press may seem, terms such as "camp doctor" or the "barracks camp" that frequently appear in administrative files are irritating. On top of that, the Volkswagen company appointed the former "camp leader" of the so-called communal camp in the "city of the KdF car," Ludwig Vollmann -__-0004-__-, as head of the "Italian village" because of his expertise -__-0005-__-. Although the management was concerned to "avoid the term 'camp,'" as Vollmann explained to the Welt, he spoke at the same time of the "capos" who would have to bear responsibility in the corridors of the houses -__-0006-__-. A conceptual proximity to the concentration camp prisoners cannot be denied.
At the same time, the wooden house camp for Italian workers -__-0007-__-, which was guarded and fenced in by the plant security, was not so different from other "guest worker" accommodations in the Federal Republic of Germany -__-0008-__-. Nor is the fact that the nearly 4,000 Italian workers were quartered in the Allerwiesen in this way, isolated from the city, a specific feature of Wolfsburg's history. However, it was the deliberate isolation and "massing" of the Italian "guest workers" that in part evoked unrest in the "Italian village" that triggered a "wildcat strike" -__-0009-__- that was received nationwide.
During the first chilly days of November 1962, a feeling of discontent had spread among the residents of the wooden house settlement in the Allerwiesen -__-0010-__-. The trigger for this was, as it was later said, inadequate medical care. After a guest worker died of a cerebral hemorrhage in the city hospital and another Italian felt ill, but 40 minutes passed -__-0011-__- before the ambulance arrived at the accommodations near the Berliner Brücke, the situation escalated on the spot: "Within a very short time, large groups of workers gathered in front of their accommodations and ran onto the Berliner Ring, causing considerable traffic obstructions," -__-0012-__-, reported the Wolfsburger Nachrichten on November 6, 1962. The Italian "guest workers" had given vent to their anger and stopped work for a day, before hermetically sealing off the exits of the site. It was probably only the arrival of the Italian Consul General Gastone Guidotti that led to a defusing of the turmoil -__-0013-__-. The management of the Volkswagen plant rejected any apportionment of blame; one "should not -__-0014-__- overestimate the events" was the sober comment in the local media -__-0015-__-. However, the reaction of the management was not sober, since 70 dismissals were the result of the "events" of November 5, 1962 -__-0016-__-. In the following, too, those responsible in the corporate management were hardly to make any concessions. In a statement, Dr. Fahrner, the group's chief company physician, assured Hugo Dreyer -__-0017-__-, the head of Volkswagen's social department, that there was no reason to improve the plant's medical service, since this was in any case only an additional service provided by the plant management -__-0018-__-.
Until the dismantling of the village in 1977 -__-0019-__- no further outrages of this kind should follow, a single act of violence on the site should remain the exception -__-0020-__-. The dismantling of the wooden house settlement then took place under the sign of an incipient rethinking in the foreigner policy of the factory and the city -__-0021-__-. Even before that, educational projects had initiated a process of integration -__-0022-__-; the Italian "guest workers," who had once lived in isolation, became an integral part of Wolfsburg's urban community.
Photographic impressions of the gabion wall
Timetable
| 1962 On January 17, the first 84 Italian migrant workers arrive in Wolfsburg. They are housed in the shared accommodation at Berliner Brücke, the "Italian Village". Despite high fluctuation, an average of 3,500 Italian workers continue to live in Wolfsburg in the following years. Soccer enthusiasts from Italy found the ISC Lupo sports club. In 1963, it becomes the first foreign soccer club in Germany to participate in regular league matches.
1964 The Missione Cattolica Italiana moves into the former Hanseat restaurant in Heinrich-Nordhoff-Strasse and offers regular pastoral and social care in Italian. The Centro Italiano opens for business on September 13. This is the first official meeting place with a lot of variety for leisure activities. 1965 With Lorenzo Annese, the first foreign employee nationwide is put on the list of IG Metall and elected as a workers' representative in the works council elections of March 22-25. On April 26, Italian Ambassador Mario Luciolli comes to Wolfsburg. He visits the plant, the city and the Italian facilities. Around 5400 Italian workers now live in the Volkswagen city, some with their families. This means that education policy is also facing new tasks: The school concept is being adapted, and transitional classes are being created for the children of Italian employees. |
1962 Il 17 gennaio giungono a Wolfsburg i primi 84 immigrati italiani, che vengono sistemati nell'alloggio collettivo della Berliner Brücke, il cosiddetto "Villaggio Italiano". Malgrado l'elevata fluttuazione, negli anni successivi vivono e lavorano a Wolfsburg in media 3.500 italiani. Dipendenti appassionati di calcio fondano il club sportivo ISC Lupo, prima società di calcio straniera in Germania che, a partire dal 1963, partecipa alle partite del "Kreisliga" (livello basso del campionato tedesco). 1964 La Missione Cattolica Italiana si trasferisce nell'ex trattoria Hanseat nella Heinrich-Nordhoff-Straße ed offre sostegno psicologico e assistenza sociale in lingua italiana. Il 13 settembre apre i battenti il Centro Italiano. Nasce così il primo luogo d'incontro ufficiale con svariate proposte per il tempo libero. 1965 Sulle liste nazionali del sindacato IG Metall si iscrive il primo dipendente straniero, Lorenzo Annese, il quale, nel corso delle elezioni per il consiglio di fabbrica dal 22 al 25 marzo, viene eletto rappresentante degli operai. Il 26 aprile giunge a Wolfsburg I' Ambasciatore italiano Mario Luciolli che visita lo stabilimento, la città e le rispettive istituzioni italiane. Nella città della Volkswagen risiedono nel frattempo circa 5.400 operai italiani, alcuni con le loro famiglie. Ciò mette la Politica d'Istruzione Scolastica di fronte a nuove esigenze: nascono classi di passaggio che preparano i bambini dei lavoratori italiani all'istruzione scolastica tedesca. |
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1970 The German-Italian Contact Committee meets for the first time. It sets clear accents until 1972. 1971 The first five of a total of twelve high-rise apartment buildings in Kästorf are ready for occupancy. 650 Italians find a new home here. 1974 Groundbreaking changes in the city administration lead to increasing political participation by foreign citizens: the Foreigners' Department and the Council Committee for Foreigners' Affairs are founded. 1975 The partnership between the city of Wolfsburg and the Pesaro-Urbino region is officially sealed on October 4 during a ceremony. The bonds of friendship are firmly established to this day. The Italian Consular Agency is founded. 1977 The Centro Italiano, converted into a leisure center for Italian citizens, is reopened on Italiano is reopened on September 13. 1979 The educational policy continues with the coordinated homework help program, which starts for 80 Italian children. 1982 On June 29, Siegfried Ehlers, Chairman of the Works Council of the Volkswagen plant, is awarded the Order of Merit of the Republic of Italy. |
1970 Viene fondato il primo comitato italo-tedesco "Kontaktausschuss" (Comitato di Contatto) che svolge un importante lavoro fino al 1972. 1971 Viene portata a termine a Kästorf la costruzione delle prime 5 palazzine di 12 previste. Qui trovano casa 650 italiani. 1974 I cambiamenti politici del Comune fanno da battistrada a un futuro in cui i concittadini stranieri otterranno una maggiore partecipazione alla realtà politica: nascono la Sezione Stranieri e la Commissione per le Questioni degli Stranieri. 1975 Il 4 ottobre viene siglato il patto di gemellaggio tra la Città di Wolfsburg e la Provincia di Pesaro-Urbino, avvenimento che viene accompagnato da una cerimonia ufficiale. Questo legame d' amicizia è tuttora molto forte. Apre l'Agenzia Consolare d'Italia. 1977 Il 13 settembre riapre, dopo essere stato ristrutturato, il Centro Italiano d'incontro per il tempo libero dei cittadini italiani. 1979 La Politica dell'Istruzione Scolastica continua a prendere nuove, importanti misure dando il via ad un servizio di doposcuola per 80 alunni italiani. 1982 Il 29 giugno Siegfried Ehlers, presidente del Consiglio della Volkswagen, riceve l'Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana.
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1985 On the initiative of Italian Ambassador Luigi Ferraris, the Italian Cultural Institute (Instituto Italiano di Cultura) is founded on November 12 to enrich social life in Wolfsburg with Italian culture. 1987 On September 5, the Italian ambassador Luigi Ferraris is awarded the silver city plaque. Wolfsburg honors the ambassador for his services in setting up school projects and providing social support for Italian citizens in the Volkswagen city. 1988 Carl H. Hahn, Chairman of the Board of Management of Volkswagen AG, is awarded the Grand Cross of Merit with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Italy on May 18. This honors his services to the integration and social equality of Italian workers in the Volkswagen Group. 1990 The Association of "Friends of the Italian Cultural Institute Wolfsburg e.V." (today: Association of "Friends and Supporters of Italian Culture in Wolfsburg e.V.") is founded on January 31 to support the work of the Cultural Institute (now the Cultural Office of the Italian Consular Agency) in Wolfsburg. 1993 The city of Wolfsburg enriches the school landscape with the German-Italian Primary School. 1996 With the introduction of municipal voting rights for EU citizens, Rocco Artale becomes the first Italian citizen to join the Wolfsburg City Council. |
1985 Su iniziativa dell'Ambasciatore Luigi Ferraris il 12 novembre viene fondato l'Istituto Italiano di Cultura, con lo scopo di arricchire con la cultura italiana la vita sociale di Wolfsburg. 1987 Il 5 settembre viene conferita all'Ambasciatore Luigi Ferraris il distintivo d'argento della Città di Wolfsburg. Con questo gesto la città della Volkswagen onora l'Ambasciatore per i suoi meriti relativi alla realizzazione di progetti scolastici e per l'assistenza sociale dei cittadini italiani. 1988 Il 18 maggio Carl H. Hahn, presidente del Consiglio della Volkswagen, viene decorato con la Gran Croce al Merito della Repubblica Italiana, riconoscimento per i suoi meriti riguardanti l'integrazione e l'equiparazione sociale dei lavoratori italiani all'interno della Volkswagen. 1990 Il 31 gennaio nasce l'associazione "Amici dell'Istituto Italiano di Cultura" (oggi: "Amici della Cultura italiana a Wolfsburg"), ancora oggi un grande sostegno per il lavoro dell'Istituto Italiano di Cultura di Wolfsburg (oggi: Ufficio Culturale dell'Agenzie Consolare d'Italia). 1993 Il paesaggio scolastico della città di Wolfsburg viene notevolmente arricchito con la nascita della Scuola Primaria Italo-Tedesca. 1996 In seguito all'introduzione del diritto di voto alle elezioni comunali dei cittadini dell'UE, Rocco Artale diviene il primo italiano che entra a far parte del Consiglio Comunale della Città di Wolfsburg. |
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1997 The German-Italian elementary school, expanded to include lower secondary school, is developed into a comprehensive school. 1998 The Department for Foreigners is directly subordinated to the Lord Mayor. 2001 Umberto Bernardini and Guido Vardabesro are awarded the silver and bronze city plaques respectively on 31 January in recognition of their special services to the partnership with the province of Pesaro-Urbino. 2002 The Italian Cultural Institute receives its new headquarters in Goethestraße. A commemorative plaque honors the work of the Italians in the city of Wolfsburg. 2003 On July 10, Rocco Artale is honored with the Order of Merit Cavaliere al Merito della Repubblica Italiana. This award honors his services to integration in Wolfsburg. The exhibition "A Casa a Wolfsburg - At Home in Wolfsburg" will be on display in the Volkswagen City from August 24 to October 19. It focuses on the experience of Italian and Tunisian migrant workers. On November 8, the "Piazza Italia" will be opened. This has created an unmistakable place for the Italian way of life in the heart of Wolfsburg. The still well-visited Centro Italiano moves to Alt-Heßlingen. |
1997 Alla già esistente Scuola Primaria Italo-Tedesca si aggiunge la Scuola Secondaria di l° grado, dando così vita alla Scuola Unitaria Italo-Tedesca. 1998 La Sezione Stranieri viene subordinato alle dirette dipendenze del sindaco. 2001 Il 31 gennaio Umberto Bernadini e Guido Vardabesro ottengono dal Comune, come riconoscimento per i loro meriti riguardanti il gemellaggio con la Provincia di Pesaro-Urbino, rispettivamente il distintivo d'argento e il distintivo di bronzo. 2002 L'Istituto Italiano di Cultura riceve una nuova sede nella Goethestraße. Una targa commemorativa onora il contributo degli italiani allo sviluppo della Città di Wolfsburg. 2003 Il 10 luglio Rocco Artale ottiene dalla Repubblica Italiana il titolo di Cavaliere al Merito per le sue benemerenze nell'ambito dell'integrazione a Wolfsburg. Dal 24 agosto al 19 ottobre la Città presenta la mostra dal titolo "A casa a Wolfsburg - Zuhause in Wolfsburg", esposizione basata sulle esperienze fatte da immigrati italiani e tunisini a Wolfsburg. L' 8 novembre viene inaugurata la "Piazza Italia". Con essa nasce nel cuore di Wolfsburg un inconfondibile simbolo dello stile di vita italiano. Il Centro Italiano, sempre frequentato vivamente, si sposta ad Alt-Heßlingen. |
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2004 The sculpture "L'Emigrante" by Quinto Provenziani is unveiled in April on the grounds of the Landesgartenschau. The work is intended to commemorate Italian labor migration in Wolfsburg. 2005 In addition to celebrating the 30th anniversary of the partnership with Pesaro-Urbino, Wolfsburg celebrates the 50th anniversary of the German-Italian recruitment agreement on December 10. 2009 On February 25, a reception is held in Wolfsburg for the Italian Ambassador Puri Purini. The German-Italian Comprehensive School is given the name "Leonardo da Vinci Comprehensive School" in the summer. 2012 In 1962, the first Italians arrived in Wolfsburg. On the occasion of this 50th anniversary, the City of Wolfsburg (Integration Department), together with the Italian Consular Agency and with the Italian Cultural Institute, organized a large celebration under the title "Wolfsburg, amore mio" in memory of the first Italian "guest workers" in Wolfsburg. Through Metropol Verlag, the Italian Cultural Institute, in cooperation with the Institute for Contemporary History and City Presentation, is publishing the bilingual volume "La vita è qui. Wolfsburg una storia italiana - Life is here. Wolfsburg, an Italian history". |
2004 In aprile la scultura "L'emigrante' di Quinto Provenziani viene presentata alla "Landesgartenschau" (mostra di Giardini del Land). L'opera è una commemorazione dell'immigrazione italiana a Wolfsburg. 2005 La Città di Wolfsburg festeggia i 30 anni del gemellaggio con Pesaro-Urbino e contemporaneamente, il 10 dicembre, il cinquantenario dell'accordo sul reclutamento della manodopera italiana. 2009 Il 25 febbraio viene accolto a Wolfsburg l'Ambasciatore italiano Puri Purini. La Scuola Unitaria Italo-Tedesca viene ribattezzata in estate "Leonardo da Vinci Comprehensive School". 2012 Nel 1962 arrivarono a Wolfsburg i primi italiani. In occasione di questo 50° anniversario, il Comune di Wolfsburg (Dipartimento per l'Integrazione), in collaborazione con l'Agenzia Consolare d'Italia e l'Istituto Italiano di Cultura, ha organizzato una grande festa dal titolo "Wolfsburg, amore mio" in memoria dei primi "lavoratori ospiti" italiani a Wolfsburg. A cura della casa editrice Metropol Verlag, l'Istituto Italiano di Cultura, in collaborazione con l'Istituto di Storia Contemporanea e di Presentazione della Città, pubblica il volume bilingue "La vita è qui. Wolfsburg una storia italiana - Life is here. Wolfsburg, an Italian story". |
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2014 The Italian Cultural Institute closes and a cultural office is incorporated into the Italian Consular Agency. Annually it promotes and organizes a wide range of events to strengthen and expand cultural exchange between Germany and Italy in Wolfsburg and the region. 2015 For the 60th time, Wolfsburg celebrates the recruitment agreement signed between Germany and Italy in 1955. 2018 Centro Italiano moves to the city center, in Piazza Italia, near the Italian Consular Agency, and continues its activities there. |
2014 L'Istituto Italiano di Cultura viene chiuso e accorpato come Ufficio Culturale presso l'Agenzia Consolare d'Italia che promuove e organizza una vasta gamma di eventi culturali per rafforzare e ampliare gli scambi culturali tra la Germania e l'Italia a Wolfsburg e nella regione. 2015 Wolfsburg festeggia il sessantesimo anniversario del contratto di reclutamento tra Germania e Italia del 1955. 2018 Il Centro Italiano si sposta nel centro città, in Piazza Italia, all'Agenzia Consolare d'Italia, dove continua le sue attività. |
Cooperation partner
References
-__-0000-__- "Italians at Young Socialists," in: Wolfsburger Nachrichten, January 13, 1964.
-__-0001-__- "Almost 500 Italians at the Volkswagen Plant," in: Wolfsburger Nachrichten, February 27, 1962.
-__-0002-__- UVW, 174/419/2, Nordhoff to Haaf, Foreign Workers, dated September 25, 1961.
-__-0003-__- UVW, Board minutes, minutes of meeting of January 15, 1962.
-__-0004-__- UVW, 69/189/2, Italians in Germany, excerpted translated from Quattrosoldi, May 1962, pp. 54-63.
-__-0005-__- Ibid.
-__-0006-__- Roberto Sala, "From 'Foreign Worker' to 'Guest Worker'. Recruitment of Italian Labor for the German Economy (1938-1973)," in Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, Jg. 55 (2007), H. 1, pp. 94-120, here. S. 96.
-__-0007-__- See Grazia Prontera, "'Ours and Their Complexes': Italians in Wolfsburg - Reports, Representations, and Opinions in the Local Press (1962-1975)," in Gabriele, Metzler (ed.), Das Andere denken. Representations of Migration in Western Europe and the USA in the 20th Century. Frankfurt am Main 2013, pp. 261-280.
-__-0008-__- Priority was currently still given to the integration issue of the numerous expellees who had settled in Wolfsburg since 1945. See Maren Möhring, "Mobility and Migration in and between East and West," in Frank Bösch (ed.), Geteilte Geschichte. East and West Germany 1970-2000. Göttingen 2015, pp. 369-410, here p. 374.
-__-0009-__- "56 Italians Received Holiday Ticket," in Wolfsburger Nachrichten, August 31, 1962.
-__-0010-__- StadtA WOB, HA 16364, Stadtdirektor Balk to the construction management of Volkswagen AG, September 14, 1962.
-__-0011-__- StadtA WOB, HA 16364, Building Inspection Office, processing note dated January 8, 1962.
-__-0012-__- On the previous history, see, among other things, StadtA WOB, HA 16362, excerpt from the minutes of the 20th meeting of the Committee for Construction on November 6, 1961: "This development was necessitated by the construction of the new Volkswagen, Type 1500, as well as an increased demand for the Volkswagen in general. The existing workforce is insufficient, and the plant is forced to hire several thousand new workers. The only way to create living space in Wolfsburg as quickly as possible is to build wooden houses immediately. The first five wooden houses, supplied by a company from Austria, are already on their way to Wolfsburg."
-__-0013-__- Here and in the following StadtA WOB, HA 16362, memo, Barracks Camp for VW Workers, November 14, 1961.
-__-0014-__- "Italians Return Almost Completely," in Wolfsburger Nachrichten, July 30, 1962; For the 'village picture' see: Violetta Rudolf, "'We're going to be in the papers now!' On photographic traces of the 'guest workers' in the Wolfsburg daily press of 1962," in: Das Archiv. Zeitung für Wolfsburger Stadtgeschichte, vol. 3 (November 2018), no. 11, pp. 1-5.
-__-0015-__- See StadtA WOB, EB 4, undated interview by Bernhard Gericke with Ludwig Vollmann.
-__-0016-__- "91 Italians remained in their homeland," in: Wolfsburger Nachrichten, January 11/12, 1964.
-__-0017-__- "Around 3000 Italians live in Wolfsburg's 'Little Naples'", in: Die Welt of September 24, 1962.
-__-0018-__- In this context, the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reported on a fence that merely served to protect the "guest workers" and was not the hallmark of a "foreign worker ghetto-__-0019-__-". See also: "A city for 4300 guest workers in Wolfsburg. Die größte Italienersiedlung nördlich des Brenner und die kostspieligste dazu," in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 26, 1962. On this also Günter Riederer, "'Nix amore in castellupo?' Mediale Bildwelten der italienischen Arbeitsmigration nach Wolfsburg," in: Ralf Beil (ed.), Wolfsburg Unlimited. A city as a world laboratory. Berlin 2016, pp. 123-129, here p. 126.
-__-0020-__- Anne von Oswald/Barabara Schmidt, "'After Shift Ends, They Always Returned to Their Camps...' Life in 'Guest Worker' Housing in the Sixties and Seventies," in Jan Motte/Rainer Ohlinger/Anne von Oswald (eds.), 50 Jahre Bundesrepublik - 50 Jahre Einwanderung. Postwar History as Migration History. Frankfurt am Main/New York 1999, pp. 184-214, here p. 188.
-__-0021-__- See on this Anne von Oswald, "'Venite a lavovare con la Volkswagen!' Management Strategies and Reactions of Italian Guest Workers in the Beetle City, 1962-1975," in Tra fabbrica e societá. Mondi operai nell 'Italia del Novecento'/Stefano Musso (ed.), "Annali" della Fondazione Feltrinelli 1977. Milan 1999, pp. 695-740. On the reception, among others, "Die großen Kinder aus dem Süden sind vereinsamt," in: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 9. November 1962; "Short strike by Italian guest workers at VW plant," in: Frankfurter Rundschau, November 6, 1962, "Italian guest workers strike in Wolfsburg," in: Deutsche Zeitung, November 6, 1962; "Guest workers from Italy go on strike," in: Hessische Allgemeine, November 8, 1962. The mood had already reached a low point before then. On this, see Rudolf, "Wir kommen jetzt in die Zeitung!" (As note 15).
-__-0022-__- Prontera, "Ours and Their Complexes" (as note 8), p. 277.
-__-0023-__- Rudolf, "We're going to be in the papers now!" (As note 15).
-__-0024-__- "Tempers flared in the Italian village," in: Wolfsburger Nachrichten, November 6, 1962.
-__-0025-__- "Excitement in the Wolfsburg Italian Settlement," in: Wolfsburger Nachrichten, November 6, 1962.
-__-0026-__- Ibid.
-__-0027-__- StadtA WOB, HA 525, vol. 1, Volkswagenwerk to the city administration, January 9, 1963.
-__-0028-__- See workshop report "Well-kept Secrets or Tacitly Accepted Certainty? - NSDAP Membership and Nazi Continuities at the Volkswagen Plant and in the City of Wolfsburg after 1945." Workshop held at the Alvar Aalto Kulturhaus on November 29, 2012., available online at https://www.wolfsburg.de/~/media/ wolfsburg/statistics_data_facts/izs/workshopreport_nsdap.pdf -__-0029-__-.
-__-0030-__- UVW, 69/189/2, statement by Dr. med. Fahrner on medical care for Italian plant employees, November 9, 1962.
-__-0031-__- Linda Moreschi, "'Come to Work with Us!' How Italian Workers Became Wolfsburgers," in Christoph Stölzl (ed.), Die Wolfsburg-Saga. Stuttgart 2008, pp. 222-225, here p. 224.
-__-0032-__- "Schwere Bluttat," in: Wolfsburger Nachrichten, June 1, 1964.
-__-0033-__- "Foreigners want emancipation," in: Wolfsburger Nachrichten, June 22, 1974; "Program for children still lets wait," in Wolfsburger Nachrichten, September 12, 1974; "9465 want to be fellow citizens," in: Wolfsburger Nachrichten, October 10, 1975.
-__-0034-__- See on this Alexander Kraus/Michael Siems, "Vom Objekt zum Akteur. Kommunale Integrationspolitik der Stadt Wolfsburg und italienische Arbeitsmigranten in den Jahren der 'Normalisierung'", in: Das Archiv. Zeitung für Wolfsburger Stadtgeschichte, Jg. 5 (November 2020), No. 19.
City of Wolfsburg
Institute for Contemporary History and City Presentation (IZS)
City of Wolfsburg
Goethe School
Goethestrasse 10a Entrance C
38440 Wolfsburg
Telephone: 05361 27-5730
Fax: 05361 27-5757
E-mail: izs-stadtarchiv@stadt.wolfsburg.de